June 6, 2016

Buster

jerem.

A short post about the ambiguous nature of the decimal point. This illustrates how a number shouldn't be confused with its graphical representation.

Many numbers can be symbolically written in more than one way. For example :

1=11=22=33=1=\frac{1}{1}=\frac{2}{2}=\frac{3}{3}=\cdots

The decimal point notation also has its own problems. For example, consider the following perfectly valid identity :

1=0.99999999 ,1=0.99999999\cdots~,

with the series of 99s repeating ad infinitum. There are many ways to prove the above. Here is one.

The right-hand side can be written in a form involving a geometric progression :

9n=110n .9 \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} 10^{-n}~.

The series converges in R\mathbb{R}. Its value can thus be computed using the usual formula

n=1krn=r (1rk)1r .\sum_{n=1}^{k} r^n=\frac{r~(1-r^{k})}{1-r}~.

with 0r<10\leq r<1, rn0r^n\rightarrow 0, which, in our case gives

n=110n=19 .\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} 10^{-n}=\frac{1}{9}~.

Which proves the identity.